CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2026-27
Subject Code: 044 | Academic Year: 2026-27
The CBSE Class 12 Biology syllabus 2026-27 covers five units — Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution, Biology and Human Welfare, Biotechnology, and Ecology. The theory paper carries 70 marks with a 30-mark practical component. The syllabus is fundamental for NEET preparation, as NEET Biology (360 marks) is entirely based on Class 11 and 12 NCERT content — making Class 12 Biology one of the most important subjects for medical entrance aspirants.
Marks Distribution
| Unit | Unit Name | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| VI | Reproduction | 17 |
| VII | Genetics and Evolution | 18 |
| VIII | Biology and Human Welfare | 14 |
| IX | Biotechnology and Its Applications | 14 |
| X | Ecology and Environment | 17 |
| Theory Total | 70 | |
| Practical | 30 | |
| Grand Total | 100 | |
Unit-wise Syllabus
Unit VI: Reproduction
17 marks- Reproduction in Organisms — modes of reproduction, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants — flower structure, pollination, fertilisation, post-fertilisation events, seed and fruit development
- Human Reproduction — male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, pregnancy, parturition
- Reproductive Health — population explosion, contraception, MTP, STDs, infertility, ART
Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution
18 marks- Principles of Inheritance and Variation — Mendel's laws, dominance, codominance, sex determination, linkage and crossing over, mutation, pedigree analysis, genetic disorders
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance — DNA structure, replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, regulation of gene expression (lac operon), Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting
- Evolution — origin of life, Darwinism, natural selection, Hardy-Weinberg law, speciation, adaptive radiation, evidences of evolution
Unit VIII: Biology and Human Welfare
14 marks- Human Health and Disease — common diseases (typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, amoebiasis, ring worm), immunity, AIDS, cancer, drug and alcohol abuse
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production — plant and animal breeding, biofortification, single cell protein, tissue culture
- Microbes in Human Welfare — microbes in household, industrial and sewage treatment processes; microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilisers
Unit IX: Biotechnology and Its Applications
14 marks- Biotechnology — Principles and Processes — recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes, PCR, gel electrophoresis, bioreactors
- Biotechnology and Its Applications — GM organisms, insulin production, gene therapy, molecular diagnostics, transgenic animals, bioethics
Unit X: Ecology and Environment
17 marks- Organisms and Populations — organism and its environment, population attributes, growth models, interactions (mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism)
- Ecosystem — structure, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, ecological pyramids, succession, nutrient cycling
- Biodiversity and Conservation — biodiversity types, threats to biodiversity, conservation strategies (in-situ, ex-situ), hotspots, sacred groves
- Environmental Issues — air and water pollution, solid waste, radioactive waste, agrochemicals, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, deforestation
Recommended Reference Books
- ★Biology Class XII — NCERT (primary, must-read — NEET is NCERT-based)
- ★Trueman's Elementary Biology Vol 2 — widely used for NEET Class 12 topics
- ★S. Chand's Biology — P.S. Verma & V.K. Agarwal — detailed for board exams
- ★MTG Fingertips Biology — chapter-wise MCQ practice for NEET
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How many units are in CBSE Class 12 Biology syllabus 2026-27?▾
There are 5 units: Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution, Biology and Human Welfare, Biotechnology and Its Applications, and Ecology and Environment.
What is the marks distribution for CBSE Class 12 Biology?▾
Theory paper carries 70 marks and practical carries 30 marks, totalling 100 marks. Genetics and Evolution is the highest-weightage unit at 18 marks.
Is CBSE Class 12 Biology syllabus enough for NEET?▾
NEET Biology (360 marks) is entirely based on Class 11 and 12 NCERT Biology. Class 12 Biology covers around 50% of NEET Biology marks. Genetics and Evolution, Reproduction, and Ecology are particularly high-yield NEET chapters from Class 12.
Which unit carries the most marks in CBSE Class 12 Biology?▾
Genetics and Evolution carries 18 marks, followed by Reproduction (17 marks) and Ecology and Environment (17 marks). Together these three units account for 52 out of 70 theory marks.
What are the best reference books for CBSE Class 12 Biology?▾
NCERT Biology Class 12 (primary, must-read). Trueman's Biology Vol 1 & 2 is widely used for NEET. S. Chand's Biology by P.S. Verma is good for board exam preparation. For NEET, MTG Fingertips Biology is a popular MCQ practice book.
How many chapters are in CBSE Class 12 Biology 2026-27?▾
CBSE Class 12 Biology has 13 chapters across 5 units — from Reproduction in Organisms to Biodiversity and its Conservation.
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